Relational databases store data in rows and tables with links between information, while non-relational databases use a storage model tailored to the type of data being stored. Relational databases are known for their simplicity, consistency, accuracy, reliability, flexibility, normalization, and security. Non-relational databases excel in low latency, availability, flexibility, simplicity, less maintenance, and scalability. When choosing between the two, consider factors such as data type, resources, real-time data needs, scalability, and performance demands.