The Cypher map projection is a feature of the Neo4j graph database that allows developers to write more precise pattern matching queries by fetching only the required fields from the database. It is inspired by GraphQL and provides a way to customize the return fields for each query, reducing data transfer size and improving application performance. With Cypher map projection, developers can retrieve related node data, extract relationship properties, and limit results using the WHERE clause, while also being able to paginate results with pagination controls like ORDER BY, LIMIT, and SKIP. The feature is particularly useful in applications where data needs to be fetched only for specific fields or relationships, reducing the amount of data transferred between the database and the application.